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Anterak
05-12-2005, 11:58 AM
To separate and debate subject brought by Rybit in GitS thread, here the compile of what was written, feel free to add and comment. :)

Rybit
I wonder what existentialists and Nietzschian philosophers would say about cyberbrains, cyborgs, et al. Do they make us more human? Or when we have machine in us, we become less human? I believe Nietzsche would say that cybernetic implants would make us more human, because the human race depends on extensions of their body (we're losers in society, we don't have claws, we can't run particularly fast), such as guns, fur, etc.

Some might argue that having machine in us makes us less human. I think it would make for an interesting debate topic.

Thormir
Interesting, yes, but one first has to bridge the hurdle of defining just what "more human" and "less human" mean. I think we can look at a machine and say, "This machine is 'more human' than this other machine, by virtue of capabilities x, y, and z." But comparing humans to each other on that level seems difficult (usually such comparisons refer to a human's involvement in some atrocity or other -- i.e., "Dahmer was inhuman").

You might have more success saying, "That human is more machine like than that other human" if you quantify certain attributes of machines (mathematical acumen, cold rationality, and the like). But this might ironically foil Rybit's proposed debate, which asks, "Can human-machine complements be "more human" than unmodified humans."

How's that for a non-starter?

Sumamael
Can we define what is to be human at all?

You can bring up a lot of issues associated with being humane but do we have a definition for being human?

According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human

There are 3 ways to define being human:

1. Biologically: genetics. Where do you draw the line between a human with implants (knee prosthesis for example) and a machine that merely incorporates human biomaterial to perform certain functions. In both cases the genes are present.

2. Behaviour: language, social cooperation, culture and social norms. Sooner or later machines will all exhibit these except maybe for the culture part.

3. Consciousness: Now this a tricky issue which even we humans have a rather limited understanding. Let us reduce it to the question of self-awareness and ego.

So, let me bring up the example of the human form robots of the new Battlestar Galactica. They look human, have a human like body (genetical material too even if synthetic), have emotions, self-awareness etc etc.

Are they human? What is (theoretically) the difference between us and them? Their origin (God created us, we created them)? Or their propose?

Malse
Quote:
I wonder what existentialists and Nietzschian philosophers would say about cyberbrains, cyborgs, et al. Do they make us more human?


Making us "more human" is something of a phantom argument since that is not a quantifiable set of states but instead a boolean question, with the term "inhuman" as used to describe other members of the species being both an insult and a defensive denial of their behavior rather than a true categorization. I think Nietszche would have been more fascinated by whether or not extensive self-replacement by machinery would have made us better in our ability to self-actualize or would have presented another barrier between a man's will and his life. I can easily see him being quite the proponent of cyborgs.

Rybit
Supposedly the next-generation cars are safe from viruses and hacking. F-secure and Lexus/Toyota said so: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4536307.stm

Malse
That's reassuring. In other news, award-winning experts have upgraded a major Intel computer operating system's virus security rating from "Criminal" to merely "Laughable" when they proved that it was invulnerable to virii designed to attack Apple Macintoshes running MacOS7 on 68040s as well as the Cabir virus currently running rampant on Symbian ARM-based mobile phones.

It's not really difficult to design systems that are resistant to external attack, but we seem to have this fascination with giving the world an open execution path on every possible device because ... well, I've never really figured that out. The possibility of an internal body-network being in any way exposed to automatable outside interactions is so far past absolutely stupid that it's all but inevitable. It's like no one can design something without thinking that allowing it to accept external data as potentially executable would be so incredibly nifty and useful. So yeah, we're screwed.

Nydia Ywalmoriel
05-12-2005, 02:29 PM
Hmmm, I've been reflecting on this in odd procrastinating moments over the last day or so, so I guess I'll add a biologist's perspective.

We have a thorny enough time in the meatspace world defining what it means to be 'human'; as someone who spends a fair amount of time engaged in the study of other species, I see examples of learning, complex communication, multitasking, sophisticated decision making, deliberate modification of the environment for a specific benefit, and even 'political' and 'religious' behavior among and between other mammalian, avian, reptilian, and even some invertebrate species (particularly cephalopods) pretty regularly. Yet we don't consider these organisms 'human' not only because of morphology, but because being 'human' is a social construct as well as a biological species; while some 'animals' are able to engage in psychosocial contracts with us (I miss my Big Girl and Sweetums, may they rest in peace :) ), they can't sign their own contracts, and we don't provide interpreters or guardians for them (with some exceptions).

Jefferey Dahmers of the world notwithstanding, human societies can and do draw the line (and in all sorts of odd places) with regard to whom they do or do not consider fully human, often with no evidence or opportunity for rebuttal on the part of those classified 'inhuman'; we have only to look back to World War 2 to witness dehumanization/disenfranchisement (and elimination) from the human race on a staggering scale, but these gradations and social definitions go on continuously. Are the profoundly retarded human, for example? Or the senile? Or, dare I say it, embryos and fetuses? To what degree are they human? What about those in wheelchairs, or Muslims, gays, blacks, women?

So, what does this have to do with cybernetics?

Given that being 'human' is fundamentally a social as well as a physiological construct, I would postulate that *any* modification of an individual who is enfranchised to begin with, and which is condoned or at least tolerated by the society in which he inhabits will result in that person being considered 'human'. As others have said, we've been modifying ourselves since prehistory (I have prostheses in both wrists; my partner has steel rods in his back and uses a wheelchair, we both wear glasses), and we don't begrudge folks who have had extensive plastic/reconstructive surgery, artificial heart valves and pacemakers, or those spiffy artificial limbs that the wearer can control some rudimentary movements with, their humanity now. Personally, I think that the human race will slide into those genetically-altered rat neuron or stem cell interfaced artificial eyes and other goodies with relative ease; all it'll take is someone famous having one implanted and a spiffy marketing scheme... :).

I think folks become a bit more uneasy when modifications to the brain are contemplated, as that is perceived as being closer to who we 'are', yet 20 years of exponentially increasing and apparently continued eager and socially condoned consumption of antidepressants and other (permanently!) neurologically modifying drugs by American society, at least, certainly gives one pause as to whether even this sort of modification would be frowned upon. Yet, we rail against the possibility of cloning... :)

On the whole, I think the question of at what point an artificial intelligence should be considered 'living', 'sentient', or 'human' is the far more intriguing one and one that gets us biologists, psychologists, and sociologists rubbing our grubby little hands together...

Regards,
Nydia

On a *way* side note, my first ever character for Marvel Super Heroes, back in the mid-80s, was an artificial intelligence who was designed as an interface repair/communications tool to shuttle between systems that could or would not communicate with each other for security or other reasons. In order to appear less threatening to the people she moved among, her waldo had the appearance of a 9 year old girl which could masquerade as the 'daughter' of one of her designers when need be; this also allowed her to slip into small spaces in order to do her work, sort of a combination of Alice in Wonderland and R2D2, I suppose. When the project was shut down (along with most of her design team) her education began in earnest... :).

Twinked
05-12-2005, 03:13 PM
/golfclap Nydia

Very engaging post and informative at the same time.

Thank you.

Crystana65
05-12-2005, 08:02 PM
Why am i getting a mental picture of the Borg? :)

What i would like to see tho is a star trek novel series detailing how the borg started and their history...I think it would be a good series about human/machine integration...Even though its not real it's still fascinating imho....

Palimax Sceleris
05-12-2005, 08:23 PM
Offtopic, but the "how does one define human" brought me to this Family Guy quote:


(Stewie auditioning for Kids Say The Darndest Things)
Guy: Tell us Stewie, what job does a mommy do?
Stewie: Hmm interesting question. More for the point how does one define job without branding one self with useless labels?
Guy:.........
Stewie: Oh, I'm afraid I Answered your question with another question.
Guy:..... Umm... How old do you think daddy is?
Stewie: 42...... Oh I mean, I mean, DADDY'S OLD! I THINK HE'S 7!
Guys: ah ha ha ha !!!!
Stewie: Yes that's it, jump through the hoop!. DADDY'S FEET SMELL!!
Guys: ah ha ha ha ha ah ha ha!
Stewie: ah... Jackasses.

Bowler
05-12-2005, 11:18 PM
What i would like to see tho is a star trek novel series detailing how the borg started and their history...I think it would be a good series about human/machine integration...Even though its not real it's still fascinating imho....

Its only not real because we have not reached that point yet. The difference between The Borg and what humanity is heading towards is philosophical. We have already "evolved to include the synthetic" (Borg Queen), examples being pace makers and artificial limbs.

The study of how The Borg could be come intrinsically socialist in nature can be seen by reading the history of Russia.

Nydia Ywalmoriel
05-12-2005, 11:29 PM
And if anyone is interested, we can, courtesy of the folks at Cornell University, now add 'self-replication' to the list of things that artificially powered 'organisms' can do:

http://news.com.com/New+robots+can+build+other+bots%2C+fix+themselves/2100-7337_3-5704621.html?tag=nefd.top

In biology parlance, we call abiotically self-replicating short polymers of RNA in solution 'protobionts', and believe they may be one of the components of early prokaryotic life. The question is, where will the mechanical protobionts acquire their 'liposomes', their 'cytoplasm', etc, and seeing that it took the better part of three *billion* years to get from single-celled prokaryotes to multicelled eukaryotes via serendipitious collision, collusion, and natural selection, how long will it take for the development of self-replicating 'higher' organisms with the hand of Man intervening? ;)